Jo Daviess County IL Karst Feature Database

FGDC Metadata:

Identification Information:
Citation:
Citation Information:
Originator: Donald Luman, Illinois State Geological Survey, ISGS Affiliate
Originator: Samuel Panno, Illinois State Geological Survey, ISGS Affiliate
Originator: Walton Kelly, Illinois State Geological Survey, ISGS Affiliate
Originator: Elizabeth L. Baranski, League of Women Voters of Jo Daviess County, Project Coordinator
Publication Date: 20210318
Title: Jo Daviess County IL Karst Feature Database
Geospatial Data Presentation Form: vector digital data
Description:
Abstract: In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and using other remotely-sensed data and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). For this project, groundwater samples were collected from springs and wells and analyzed for inorganic chemistry, dissolved organic carbon, stable isotopes of water, and tritium. The project objective was to initiate a karst feature database, to collect water samples from springs to determine groundwater background concentrations of major anions, cations, and field parameters, and to then characterize and group the different populations of groundwater within Jo Daviess County. This project was supported by Grant Awards F16AP00772 and F18AC00961, from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the League of Women Voters of Illinois Education Fund as well as support from the Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois.In addition to reports created for each sampling location (containing data, photographs and interpretation) and submitted to USFWS as grantee performance reports for Grant Award F16AP00772, the publication cited below references the data and provides interpretation:Panno, S.V., W.R. Kelly, and E.L. Baranski. Hydrogeochemical controls on aquifers of northwestern Illinois’ Driftless Area, USA. Environmental Earth Sciences 78:276, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8271-7The publications cited below provide background and context:Panno, S.V. and D.E. Luman. Assessment of the geology and hydrogeology of two sites for a proposed large dairy facility in Jo Daviess County near Nora, IL.Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 2008-2, 2008. http://library.isgs.illinois.edu/Pubs/pdfs/ofs/2008/ofs2008-02.pdf Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, and Dennis R. Kolata. Characterization of karst terrain and regional tectonics using remotely sensed data in Jo Daviess County, Illinois .Circular 589, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2015. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviessPanno, S.V., Philip G. Millhouse, Randy W. Nyboer, Daryl Watson, Walton R. Kelly, Lisa M. Anderson, Curtis C. Albert, and Donald E. Luman. Guide to the Geology, Hydrogeology, History, Archaeology, and Biotic Ecology of the Driftless area of Northwestern Illinois, Jo Daviess County. Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook 42, 2016. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/publications/gb042Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, Walton R. Kelly, Timothy H. Larson, and Stephen J. Taylor. Karst of the Driftless Area of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 586, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2017. https://isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviess-0Panno, S.V., Walton R. Kelly, John Scott, Wei Zheng, Rachel E. McNeish, Nancy Holm, Timothy J. Hoellein, and Elizabeth L. Baranski. Microplastic Contamination in Karst Groundwater Systems. Groundwater.57(2):189-196. doi:10.1111/gwat.12862,2019. https://ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwat.12862
Purpose: GIS-formatted field data collected to locate and characterize springs and to analyze groundwater samples in the karst terrain of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. This is one of several datasets compiled for the Karst Feature Database of Jo Daviess County, IL and hosted by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Thumbnail photo credit: Beth Baranski, League of Women Voters of Jo Daviess County
Supplemental Information: Springs are common in karst areas. Springs discharging from exposed carbonate bedrock can be indicators of karst bedrock and karst aquifers. However, the absence of such springs does not imply the lack of karst bedrock and karst aquifers.
Time Period of Content:
Time Period Information:
Range of Dates/Times:
Beginning Date: 20150527
Ending Date: 20190719
Currentness Reference: Jo Daviess County springs were located and visited in the field. Water samples were field-collected and analyzed for a variety of parameters on July 11-13 and August 9, 2016; and on July 17-19, 2019. Features were located using a hand-held GPS device to record latitude/longitude in WGS84 and field locations were verified using Google Earth; surface elevations were determined using Google Earth.
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance and Update Frequency: As needed
Spatial Domain:
Bounding Coordinates:
West Bounding Coordinate: -90.486200
East Bounding Coordinate: -89.897700
North Bounding Coordinate: 42.506900
South Bounding Coordinate: 42.213000
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme Keyword Thesaurus: None
Theme Keyword: environment
Theme:
Theme Keyword Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Categories
Theme Keyword: environment
Theme Keyword: geoscientificInformation
Theme Keyword: health
Access Constraints: Other Constraints
Use Constraints: Although these data and information have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USFWS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility of the data and information on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data, and information, and aggregate use with other data and information. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data and information. The USFWS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data and information described and/or contained herein.
Point of Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Contact Person: Louise Mauldin
Contact Position: Fish Biologist
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
City: Onalaska
State or Province: WI
Postal Code: 54650
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 608-783-8407
Contact Electronic Mail Address: louise_mauldin@fws.gov
Point of Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: Illinois State Geological Survey
Contact Person: Samuel Panno
Contact Position: ISGS Affiliate
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: 615 East Peabody Drive
City: Champaign
State or Province: IL
Postal Code: 61820-6964
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 217-244-2456
Contact Electronic Mail Address: s-panno@illinois.edu
Point of Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Contact Person: Jeena Koenig
Contact Position: Fish and Wildlife Biologist
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: 555 Lester Avenue
City: Onalaska
State or Province: WI
Postal Code: 54650
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 608-783-8412
Contact Electronic Mail Address: jeena_koenig@fws.gov
Point of Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: League of Women Voters of Jo Daviess County
Contact Person: Elizabeth L. Baranski
Contact Position: Project Coordinator
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1015 South Bench Street
City: Galena
State or Province: IL
Postal Code: 61036
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 563-580-6192
Contact Electronic Mail Address: beth@bhms-arch.com
Point of Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois
Contact Person: Walton R. Kelly
Contact Position: Head, Groundwater Science Section
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: Illinois State Water Survey M/C 674
City: Champaign
State or Province: IL
Postal Code: 61820
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 217-333-3729
Contact Electronic Mail Address: wkelly@illinois.edu
Data Set Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign League of Women Voters of Jo Daviess County, League of Women Voters of Illinois Education Fund
Native Data Set Environment: Version 6.2 (Build 9200) ; Esri ArcGIS 10.5.1.7333
Data Quality Information:
Logical Consistency Report: Features were located using a hand-held GPS device to record latitude/longitude in WGS84 and field locations were verified using Google Earth; surface elevations were determined using Google Earth.
Completeness Report: Features were located using a hand-held GPS device to record latitude/longitude in WGS84 and field locations were verified using Google Earth; surface elevations were determined using Google Earth.
Lineage:
Source Information:
Type of Source Media: None
Source Contribution: Springs were sampled as close to the discharge point or throat of the springs as possible using clean silicon tubing and a peristaltic pump. Some of the springs were later determined to be flowing artesian wells. Field parameters [temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP)] were analyzed with calibrated, parameter-specific probes (Hydrolab® MS-5, Loveland, CO, USA). Samples designated for chemical and isotopic analyses were passed through 0.45-μm filters, and collected in polyethylene or glass bottles. High-purity acids were added to subsamples for analysis of metals (nitric acid), organic nitrogen and ammonium (sulfuric acid), and dissolved organic carbon (phosphoric acid). All samples were transported to the analytical laboratories in ice-filled coolers and kept refrigerated at 4 °C until analysis. Concentrations for cations/metals, anions, alkalinity, dissolved Kjeldahl N (DKN), ammonium, and non-purgeable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were determined at the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) Public Service Laboratory (Champaign, IL, USA) using standard methods. Anions were determined by ion chromatography, cations/metals by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, alkalinity by titration, DOC by combustion, and DKN and ammonium by semi-automated colorimetry.
Source Information:
Type of Source Media: hardDisk
Source Contribution: Samples designated for bacterial indicators [total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)] were collected unfiltered by dipping sterile containers (Whirl-Paks®) directly into the springs using sterile techniques, stored in an ice-filled cooler, and transported to the analytical laboratory and analyzed the same day. Bacterial indicators were determined using the Colilert method at the City of Dubuque Environmental Monitoring Laboratory (DEML, Dubuque, IA, USA). The laboratory followed its own QA/QC protocols; however, because no replicates were collected in the field, the microbial data should be considered qualitative.
Process Step:
Process Description: A report entitled “Jo Daviess County Spring Sampling: Tritium Analyses” submitted to the USFWS as a deliverable under grant award F18AC00961 describes the analyses processes. Results are reported in tritium units (TU). A long-term estimate of tritium behavior with time suggests that at the time of sampling, the concentrations of tritium in precipitation in North America (since about 2006) should range from 3 to 5 TU.
Process Date: 20190731
Process Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: League of Women Voters of Jo Daviess County
Contact Person: Elizabeth L. Baranski
Contact Position: Project Coordinator
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1015 South Bench Street
City: Galena
State or Province: IL
Postal Code: 61036
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 563-580-6192
Contact Electronic Mail Address: beth@bhms-arch.com
Process Step:
Process Description: Stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed at Isotech Laboratories (Champaign, IL, USA) within 2 weeks of collection. The δ18O (using a modified CO2–H2O equilibration method), and δ2H values (using the zinc reduction method) were determined using a dual-inlet ratio mass spectrometer and were directly compared with an internal standard calibrated with international reference standards. Results were reported in comparison with the international Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW). (modified from Panno, S.V. et al, 2019, pp. 3-4).
Process Date: 20190731
Process Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: League of Women Voters of Jo Daviess County
Contact Person: Elizabeth L. Baranski
Contact Position: Project Coordinator
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: 1015 South Bench Street
City: Galena
State or Province: IL
Postal Code: 61036
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 563-580-6192
Contact Electronic Mail Address: beth@bhms-arch.com
Spatial Data Organization Information:
Direct Spatial Reference Method: Vector
Point and Vector Object Information:
SDTS Terms Description:
SDTS Point and Vector Object Type: Entity point
Point and Vector Object Count: 45
Entity and Attribute Information:
Detailed Description:
Entity Type:
Entity Type Label: Jo Daviess County Karst Feature Database
Entity Type Definition: Collection of geographic features that share the same geometry type (point) and the same attribute fields for a common area.
Entity Type Definition Source: ESRI
Attribute:
Attribute Label: OBJECTID
Attribute Definition: Internal feature number.
Attribute Definition Source: Esri
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Co_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Cobalt is a metal known for its intense blue tint/color it gives to glass and paint. Cobalt is currently used in the production of batteries for mobile devices and electric cars. As of 2019, known water samples from the Driftless Area have not shown the presence of cobalt above detection limits of analytical methods available. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.013 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Cobalt is a metal known for its intense blue tint/color it gives to glass and paint. Cobalt is currently used in the production of batteries for mobile devices and electric cars. As of 2019, known water samples from the Driftless Area have not shown the presence of cobalt above detection limits of analytical methods available. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.013 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Cu_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Copper is one of the few metals that occurs as a native metal in the Earth's crust. It is used today and throughout history in electronics, and for pipes, coins, building material, an alloy with other metals, and many other things because of its desirable properties (highly malleable and conductive). Dissolved copper occurs in surface water and groundwater in measurable concentrations typically less than 1 mg/L. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0016 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Copper is one of the few metals that occurs as a native metal in the Earth's crust. It is used today and throughout history in electronics, and for pipes, coins, building material, an alloy with other metals, and many other things because of its desirable properties (highly malleable and conductive). Dissolved copper occurs in surface water and groundwater in measurable concentrations typically less than 1 mg/L. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0016 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: KDF_Feature_ID
Attribute Definition: The unique ID for each sample record.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The unique ID for each sample record.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Latitude
Attribute Definition: Latitude in WGS 84 was determined in the field using a hand-held GPS unit.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Latitude in WGS 84 was determined in the field using a hand-held GPS unit.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Longitude
Attribute Definition: Longitude in WGS 84 was determined in the field using a hand-held GPS unit.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Longitude in WGS 84 was determined in the field using a hand-held GPS unit.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Mg_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Magnesium is an abundant element on Earth and in the Universe, is chemically similar to calcium, and is a large component of dolomite. Dolomite aquifers in the Driftless Area contain about 50 mg/L magnesium which contributes to water hardness. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.027 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Magnesium is an abundant element on Earth and in the Universe, is chemically similar to calcium, and is a large component of dolomite. Dolomite aquifers in the Driftless Area contain about 50 mg/L magnesium which contributes to hard water. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.027 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Elevation_ft
Attribute Definition: The elevation of the sample site in feet.
Attribute Definition Source: Google Earth
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The elevation of the site in feet determined using Google Earth.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: State
Attribute Definition: The U.S. state the sample site was located in.
Attribute Definition Source: U.S. Postal Service Convention
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The abbreviation of the U.S. state the sample site was located in.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Fe_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up the Earth. The concentrations of iron in oxygenated water (surface and shallow groundwater) are negligible. In deep groundwater where oxygen has been depleted or is absent, iron concentrations can be large (5 or more mg/L). When iron-rich groundwater flows through faucets, it becomes oxygenated, comes out of solution, and is deposited on porcelain as an iron oxide stain. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.024 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up the Earth. The concentrations of iron in oxygenated water (surface and shallow groundwater) are negligible. In deep groundwater where oxygen has been depleted or is absent, iron concentrations can be large (5 or more mg/L). When iron-rich groundwater flows through faucets, it becomes oxygenated, comes out of solution, and is deposited on porcelain as an iron oxide stain. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.024 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: UIS_Country_Code
Attribute Definition: International Union of Speleology (UIS) country code the sample site was located in, http://www.uis-speleo.org/; https://digital.lib.usf.edu//design/aggregations/karst/uploads/KIP_Brochure_2015-02-25.pdf
Attribute Definition Source: International Union of Speleology (UIS)
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: International Union of Speleology (UIS) country code the sample site was located in.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: NPOC_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Dissolved Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon is dissolved carbon in groundwater and surface water that cannot pass through filters used in sampling efforts. This carbon can come from the degradation of algae, aquatic vegetation, and soil and land plants (from erosion and materials entering these waters). It can also come in from animal wastes (including septic effluent). Concentrations typically are under 1 mg/L; however, erosion and contaminants can cause an increase of dissolved non-volatile organic carbon to over 10 mg/L. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.028 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Dissolved Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon is dissolved carbon in groundwater and surface water that cannot pass through filters used in sampling efforts. This carbon can come from the degradation of algae, aquatic vegetation, and soil and land plants (from erosion and materials entering these waters). It can also come in from animal wastes (including septic effluent). Concentrations typically are under 1 mg/L; however, erosion and contaminants can cause an increase of dissolved non-volatile organic carbon to over 10 mg/L. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.028 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: As_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Arsenic is a metalloid (properties of both metals and nonmetals) that is typically associated with sulfur and metals within ore deposits or with iron oxyhydroxides in sand and gravel deposits. Arsenic is a toxin and has a drinking water standard of 10 parts per million. Some aquifers in Illinois contain naturally elevated concentrations of arsenic. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.11 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Arsenic is a metalloid (properties of both metals and nonmetals) that is typically associated with sulfur and metals within ore deposits or with iron oxyhydroxides in sand and gravel deposits. Arsenic is a toxin and has a drinking water standard of 10 parts per million. Some aquifers in Illinois contain naturally elevated concentrations of arsenic. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.11 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Tl_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Thallium is used, for the most part, in electronics, pharmaceuticals and glass making. Although thallium compounds are highly toxic, as of 2019 the Illinois State Geological and Water Survey scientists have never detected this element in our chemical analyses throughout the Midwestern US. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.017 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Thallium is used, for the most part, in electronics, pharmaceuticals and glass making. Although thallium compounds are highly toxic, , as of 2019 the Illinois State Geological and Water Survey scientists have never detected this element in our chemical analyses throughout the Midwestern US. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.017 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: K_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Potassium is a metal and a critical element that is necessary for life on Earth. Potassium was originally isolated by leaching plant ash. Chemically, potassium is similar to sodium and is now mined from salt deposits that are remnants of ancient seas. Because potassium is taken up by plants, it must be replaced in soils used for row-crop agriculture and is an important component of fertilizer. It is also excreted by all animals and can be an indicator of contamination. Present day background, per Panno et al (2019), is less than or equal to 0.5 mg/L; any more than that would suggest contamination by human septage and/or fertilizer. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.016 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Potassium is a metal and a critical element that is necessary for life on Earth. Potassium was originally isolated by leaching plant ash. Chemically, potassium is similar to sodium and is now mined from salt deposits that are remnants of ancient seas. Because potassium is taken up by plants, it must be replaced in soils used for row-crop agriculture and is an important component of fertilizer. It is also excreted by all animals and can be an indicator of contamination. Present day background, per Panno et al (2019), is less than or equal to 0.5 mg/L; any more than that would suggest contamination by human septage and/or fertilizer. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.016 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: oPO4P_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Orthophosphate is an ion derived from fertilizer, and animal and human wastes. Orthophosphate tends to adsorb onto organic materials and soil particles and is present in natural groundwater in very low concentrations. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.003 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Orthophosphate is an ion derived from fertilizer, and animal and human wastes. Orthophosphate tends to adsorb onto organic materials and soil particles and is present in natural groundwater in very low concentrations. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.003 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Name
Attribute Definition: Unique name of feature.
Attribute Definition Source: Feature name given by landowners at the time of sampling.
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The unique name for each site.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: ORP_mv
Attribute Definition: Oxidation Reduction Potential (also known as Redox) is a measurement of water that reflects the dissolved minerals that are affected by the oxygen content of the water. Deep groundwater that has been out of contact with atmospheric oxygen for years will have a much lower redox potential that shallow, oxygenated groundwater.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Oxidation Reduction Potential (also known as Redox) is a measurement of water that reflects the dissolved minerals that are affected by the oxygen content of the water. Deep groundwater that has been out of contact with atmospheric oxygen for years will have a much lower redox potential that shallow, oxygenated groundwater.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: B_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Boron is a metalloid commonly used in, for example, cleaning agents, glass making, and ceramic. It is typically not toxic and is present in surface and groundwater in very low concentrations (typically a few hundredths of a mg/L). It can be elevated in the greywater component of wastewater (primarily from laundry detergents). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.023 mg/L.The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.023 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Boron is a metalloid commonly used in, for example, cleaning agents, glass making, and ceramic. It is typically not toxic and is present in surface and groundwater in very low concentrations (typically a few hundredths of a mg/L). It can be elevated in water contaminated with sewage. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.023 mg/L.
Attribute Measurement Frequency: 011
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Ba_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Barium is an alkaline earth element that occurs frequently as a heavy, white mineral in ore deposits known as barite (barium sulfate). It is present in groundwater and surface water at concentrations of around one tenth of a mg/L or less. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.00085 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Barium is an alkaline earth element that occurs frequently as a heavy, white mineral in ore deposits known as barite (barium sulfate). It is present in groundwater and surface water at concentrations of around one tenth of a mg/L or less. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.00085 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Feature
Attribute Definition: International Union of Speleology specific name for identified karst feature, http://www.uis-speleo.org/; https://digital.lib.usf.edu//design/aggregations/karst/uploads/KIP_Brochure_2015-02-25.pdf
Attribute Definition Source: International Union of Speleology
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: International Union of Speleology specific name for identified karst feature.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Ti_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Titanium is a low density, high strength metallic element and is used to make alloys for aircraft and spacecraft and is used for medical plants among other uses. Concentrations in natural waters are very low.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Titanium is a low density, high strength metallic element and is used to make alloys for aircraft and spacecraft and is used for medical plants among other uses. Concentrations in natural waters are very low.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: UIS_Code
Attribute Definition: International Union of Speleology code associated with the karst features, http://www.uis-speleo.org/; https://digital.lib.usf.edu//design/aggregations/karst/uploads/KIP_Brochure_2015-02-25.pdf UIS code for a "rising spring" is 24.
Attribute Definition Source: International Union of Speleology
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: International Union of Speleology code associated with the karst features.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Ca_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Calcium is the dominant cation making up limestone and dolomite bedrock. These rocks are soluble in rainwater and snowmelt, and once dissolved in groundwater, calcium can make well water/spring water very hard. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.029 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Calcium is the dominant cation making up limestone and dolomite bedrock. These rocks are soluble in rainwater and snowmelt, and once dissolved in groundwater, calcium can make well water/spring water very hard. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.029 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: SO4_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Sulfate is often a product of the oxidation of pyrite where oxygenated water interacts with the mineral (iron sulfide) to produce an iron and sulfuric acid. The iron is oxidized and forms a rust-like material, and the sulfuric acid attacks limestone or dolomite, ultimately resulting in the formation of dissolved calcium and sulfate. Sulfate concentrations are typically less than or equal to 46 mg/L. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.21 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Sulfate is often a product of the oxidation of pyrite where oxygenated water interacts with the mineral (iron sulfide) to produce an iron and sulfuric acid. The iron is oxidized and forms a rust-like material, and the sulfuric acid attacks limestone or dolomite, ultimately resulting in the formation of dissolved calcium and sulfate. Sulfate concentrations are typically less than or equal to 46 mg/L. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.21 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Aquifer
Attribute Definition: The name of the aquifer the sample site is located on.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The name of the aquifer the sample site is located on.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Sn_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Tin is a metal used in the production of bronze and pewter, and an alloy with lead in the making of solder. Concentrations of tin in groundwater and surface water are negligible. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.086 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Tin is a metal used in the production of bronze and pewter, and an alloy with lead in the making of solder. Concentrations of tin in groundwater and surface water are negligible. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.086 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: SpC_uS_cm
Attribute Definition: Field measurement of the specific conductance (electrical conductance) of water indicates the amount of dissolved minerals in the water. In karst groundwater, conductance is controlled by calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate (roughly the same as alkalinity or hardness). The specific conductance of groundwater in Illinois' Driftless Area is less than or equal to 770 microSiemens/cm, per Panno et al (2019), and is measured by a hand-held meter. This measurement can be used as a rapid indicator of rainwater, snowmelt, groundwater, and contamination by road salt.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Field measurement of the specific conductance (electrical conductance) of water indicates the amount of dissolved minerals in the water. In karst groundwater, conductance is controlled by calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate (roughly the same as alkalinity or hardness). The specific conductance of groundwater in Illinois' Driftless Area is less than or equal to 770 microSiemens/cm, per Panno et al (2019), and is measured by a hand-held meter. This measurement can be used as a rapid indicator of rainwater, snowmelt, groundwater, and contamination by road salt.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Se_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Selenium is a nonmetal and chemically similar to sulfur and arsenic, and used in glass making, solar cells, and as a replacement for lead in solder to make solder more environmentally friendly. Selenium concentrations in groundwater and surface water are typically negligible. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.13 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Selenium is a nonmetal and chemically similar to sulfur and arsenic, and used in glass making, solar cells, and as a replacement for lead in solder to make solder more environmentally friendly. Selenium concentrations in groundwater and surface water are typically negligible. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.13 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Temp_C
Attribute Definition: Temperature of groundwater is typically between 10 and 13 degrees Centigrade. Temperatures above 13 degrees suggest a heat source other than the aquifer (e.g., a source of very deep groundwater).
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Temperature of groundwater is typically between 10 and 13 degrees Centigrade. Temperatures above 13 degrees suggest a heat source other than the aquifer (e.g., a source of very deep groundwater).
Attribute:
Attribute Label: S_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Sulfur is a nonmetal that is a major component of sulfate (see sulfate) and one of the six major components of life. Sulfur is also a component of hydrogen sulfide gas whose smell is that described as that of rotten eggs. Also see sulfate. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.22 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Sulfur is a nonmetal that is a major component of sulfate (see sulfate) and one of the six major components of life. Sulfur is also a component of hydrogen sulfide gas whose smell is that described as that of rotten eggs. Also see sulfate. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.22 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Cl_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Chloride in water is usually the result of salt dissolution, usually sodium chloride (NaCl), and has both natural and human sources. Given that the limestone and dolomite bedrock is formed within oceans that were covering Illinois hundreds of millions of years ago, some salt is present within the rock as small, brine-filled cavities that are exposed. The brine escapes as the rock is weathered/dissolves and the salt enters groundwater. Elevated chloride is generally an indicator of the introduction of road salt (sodium chloride), septic effluent, and/or animal waste in the water. Uncontaminated water in this area will have chloride concentrations between 1 and 13 mg/L per background levels established by Panno et al. (2019). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.16 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Chloride in water is usually the result of salt dissolution, usually sodium chloride (NaCl), and has both natural and human sources. Given that the limestone and dolomite bedrock is formed within oceans that were covering Illinois hundreds of millions of years ago, some salt is present within the rock as small, brine-filled cavities that are exposed. The brine escapes as the rock is weathered/dissolves and the salt enters groundwater. Elevated chloride is generally an indicator of the introduction of road salt (sodium chloride), septic effluent, and/or animal waste in the water. Uncontaminated water in this area will have chloride concentrations between 1 and 13 mg/L. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.16 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: UIS_ID
Attribute Definition: International Union of Speleology unique identification for each karst feature in Jo Daviess County, IL, http://www.uis-speleo.org/; https://digital.lib.usf.edu//design/aggregations/karst/uploads/KIP_Brochure_2015-02-25.pdf
Attribute Definition Source: International Union of Speleology
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: International Union of Speleology unique identification for each karst feature in Jo Daviess County, IL.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: F3H_TU
Attribute Definition: Tritium is a naturally generated radioactive element that forms within the upper atmosphere due to interactions with solar radiation. Its concentration in rainwater is around 5 tritium units (a measurement of its concentration). Tritium has a half-life of about 12 years and nearly disappears after about 7 half-lives (about 85 years). In the early 1960s, above-ground nuclear bomb tests drove the concentration of tritium in rainwater to thousands of tritium units. Absent a direct source of contamination (e.g. a nuclear power station), high levels of tritium in groundwater are usually a measure of recharge from precipitation affected by the bomb pulse in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.5 TU.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Tritium is a naturally generated radioactive element that forms within the upper atmosphere due to interactions with solar radiation. Its concentration in rainwater is around 5 tritium units (a measurement of its concentration). Tritium has a half-life of about 12 years and nearly disappears after about 7 half-lives (about 85 years). In the early 1960s, above-ground nuclear bomb tests drove the concentration of tritium in rainwater to thousands of tritium units. Absent a direct source of contamination (e.g. a nuclear power station), high levels of tritium in groundwater are usually a measure of recharge from precipitation affected by the bomb pulse in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.5 TU.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Plus_or_Minus_3H_TU
Attribute Definition: Tritium is a naturally generated radioactive element that forms within the upper atmosphere due to interactions with solar radiation. Its concentration in rainwater is around 5 tritium units (a measurement of its concentration). Tritium has a half-life of about 12 years and nearly disappears after about 7 half-lives (about 85 years). In the early 1960s, above-ground nuclear bomb tests drove the concentration of tritium in rainwater to thousands of tritium units. Absent a direct source of contamination (e.g. a nuclear power station), high levels of tritium in groundwater are usually a measure of recharge from precipitation affected by the bomb pulse in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.5 TU.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Tritium is a naturally generated radioactive element that forms within the upper atmosphere due to interactions with solar radiation. Its concentration in rainwater is around 5 tritium units (a measurement of its concentration). Tritium has a half-life of about 12 years and nearly disappears after about 7 half-lives (about 85 years). In the early 1960s, above-ground nuclear bomb tests drove the concentration of tritium in rainwater to thousands of tritium units. Absent a direct source of contamination (e.g. a nuclear power station), high levels of tritium in groundwater are usually a measure of recharge from precipitation affected by the bomb pulse in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.5 TU.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Comments
Attribute Definition: Additional information related to the sample or site.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Additional information related to the sample or site.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Cr_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Chromium is a metal that was used extensively to give bumpers a mirror-like finish and as an additive for stainless steel. Trace concentrations provides the red color of rubies. As of 2019, chromium concentrations in natural waters of the Driftless Area of Illinois are below limits of detection for our analytical capabilities. Environmentally, in areas downstream of industries that use chromium in manufacturing, concentrations in surface water can adversely affect aquatic organisms. Also, contamination of chromium is present in measurable amounts in the groundwater of numerous American cities. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0058 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Chromium is a metal that was used extensively to give bumpers a mirror-like finish and as an additive for stainless steel. Trace concentrations provides the red color of rubies. As of 2019, chromium concentrations in natural waters of the Driftless Area of Illinois are below limits of detection for our analytical capabilities. Environmentally, in areas downstream of industries that use chromium in manufacturing, concentrations in surface water can adversely affect aquatic organisms. Also, contamination of chromium is present in measurable amounts in the groundwater of numerous American cities. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0058 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Shape
Attribute Definition: Feature geometry.
Attribute Definition Source: Esri
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Coordinates defining the features.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Be_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Beryllium is a metal chemically similar to aluminum and is found in emeralds. Beryllium is particularly low in concentration in natural waters and is of little environmental significance as a contaminant. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.00055 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Beryllium is a metal chemically similar to aluminum and is found in emeralds. Beryllium is particularly low in concentration in natural waters and is of little environmental significance as a contaminant. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.00055 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: F_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Fluoride is an element that makes up a necessary mineral found in bones and teeth, and is used in dental health (e.g., fluoridated toothpaste). As with most things, a little fluoride is good, and too much fluoride is bad (e.g., skeletal fluorosis), thus there is a drinking water standard of 4 mg/L. The concentration of fluoride in surface and groundwater in the study area range from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L. Present day background, per Panno et al. (2019), is less than or equal to 0.2 mg/L. Elevated concentrations of fluoride can occur naturally, but in this region would be more likely due to contamination from human septage. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.07 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Fluoride is an element that makes up a necessary mineral found in bones and teeth, and is used in dental health (e.g., fluoridated toothpaste). As with most things, a little fluoride is good, and too much fluoride is bad (e.g., skeletal fluorosis), thus there is a drinking water standard of 4 mg/L. The concentration of fluoride in surface and groundwater in the study area range from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L. Present day background, per Panno et al. (2019), is less than or equal to 0.2 mg/L. Elevated concentrations of fluoride can occur naturally, but in this region would be more likely due to contamination from human septage. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.07 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Na_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Sodium is commonly associated with salt (sodium chloride) within bedrock. Given that the limestone and dolomite bedrock is formed within oceans that were covering Illinois hundreds of millions of years ago, some of the salt is trapped within the rock and is released as the rock is weathered/dissolved and enters groundwater. Uncontaminated water has less than or equal to 22 mg/L sodium. Sodium is known as a cause of high blood pressure and in Illinois this is more a problem with diet and less of a problem with drinking water. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.036 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Sodium is commonly associated with salt (sodium chloride) within bedrock. Given that the limestone and dolomite bedrock is formed within oceans that were covering Illinois hundreds of millions of years ago, some of the salt is trapped within the rock and is released as the rock is weathered/dissolved and enters groundwater. Uncontaminated water has less than or equal to 22 mg/L sodium. Sodium is known as a cause of high blood pressure and in Illinois this is more a problem with diet and less of a problem with drinking water. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.036 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: dO18_mil
Attribute Definition: Oxygen-18 is a stable isotope of oxygen and is used, in conjunction with deuterium, to help determine under what climatic conditions water molecules were deposited as recharge to aquifers.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Oxygen-18 is a stable isotope of oxygen and is used, in conjunction with deuterium, to help determine under what climatic conditions water molecules were deposited as recharge to aquifers.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Mo_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Molybdenum is a metal used as an alloy for steel in tanks and artillery shells during World War I. Sometime after the war, molybdenum was used as a replacement of tungsten in the production of steel. It is currently used in metallurgy. Because of its extremely high melting point, it is useful in the production of materials that have to be able to withstand extreme heat. Molybdenum is necessary within the human body for dietary reasons and its presence in tooth enamel helps prevent tooth decay; its deficiency can result in health problems. This element can create health problems as dust-borne materials, but not water-borne. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.022 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Molybdenum is a metal used as an alloy for steel in tanks and artillery shells during World War I. Sometime after the war, molybdenum was used as a replacement of tungsten in the production of steel. It is currently used in metallurgy. Because of its extremely high melting point, it is useful in the production of materials that have to be able to withstand extreme heat. Molybdenum is necessary within the human body for dietary reasons and its presence in tooth enamel helps prevent tooth decay; its deficiency can result in health problems. This element can create health problems as dust-borne materials, but not water-borne. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.022 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Mn_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Manganese is a metallic element typically associated with iron in nature and is used to make alloys of steel. Manganese combines readily with oxygen to form a black oxide that was used for cave paintings in France. It is also used for glass making and alkaline batteries. Concentrations of manganese are typically very low in shallow groundwater (and surface water) due to the presence of dissolved oxygen, and greater in deep, oxygen-depleted groundwater. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0015 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Manganese is a metallic element typically associated with iron in nature and is used to make alloys of steel. Manganese combines readily with oxygen to form a black oxide that was used for cave paintings in France. It is also used for glass making and alkaline batteries. Concentrations of manganese are typically very low in shallow groundwater (and surface water) due to the presence of dissolved oxygen, and greater in deep, oxygen-depleted groundwater. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0015 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: PRI_No
Attribute Definition: Unique ID for each sample.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois.
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: A unique identifier assigned to each sample.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: TKN_d_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen is a term used to describe the sum of nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen and organically bound nitrogen. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.16 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen is a term used to describe the sum of nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen and organically bound nitrogen. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.16 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: TC_MPN
Attribute Definition: Coliform bacteria are found in the gut of all animals (including humans) and its presence in surface water and drinking water is used, when in high enough concentrations, as an indicator of the presence of potentially harmful enteric bacteria. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 1 MPN (Most Probable Number).
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Coliform bacteria are found in the gut of all animals (including humans) and its presence in surface water and drinking water is used, when in high enough concentrations, as an indicator of the presence of potentially harmful enteric bacteria. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 1 MPN (Most Probable Number).
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Sr_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Strontium is chemically similar to calcium and is common within limestone and dolomite and is not toxic. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.00037 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Strontium is chemically similar to calcium and is common within limestone and dolomite and is not toxic. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.00037 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Zn_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Zinc is a metal that is found in ore deposits and occurs as a sulfide associated with the lead sulfide galena. Concentrations of zinc in natural waters are typically very low (on the order of 0.01 mg/L), and this holds true with samples collected in Illinois' Driftless Area per Panno et al (2019). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0097 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Zinc is a metal that is found in ore deposits and occurs as a sulfide associated with the lead sulfide galena. Concentrations of zinc in natural waters are typically very low (on the order of 0.01 mg/L), and this holds true with samples collected in Illinois' Driftless Area per Panno et al (2019). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.0097 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Reports
Attribute Definition: Reports containing data, photographs, and interpretation were created by Illinois State Geological and Illinois State Water Survey scientists for each sampling location and submitted to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service by the Illinois League of Women Voters of Illinois Education Fund as grantee performance reports for Grant Award F16AP00772, "karst Database Development."
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological and Illinois State Water Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Reports containing data, photographs, and interpretation were created by Illinois State Geological and Water Survey scientists for each sampling location and submitted to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service by the Illinois League of Women Voters of Illinois Education Fund as grantee performance reports for Grant Award F16AP00772, "karst Database Development."
Attribute:
Attribute Label: V_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Vanadium is a metal that is used to make alloys of steel. Vanadium is typically found in association with uranium ores. As of 2019, the Illinois State Geological and Water Survey scientists have never detected vanadium in our chemical analyses throughout the Midwestern US. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.047 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Vanadium is a metal that is used to make alloys of steel. Vanadium is typically found in association with uranium ores. As of 2019, the Illinois State Geological and Water Survey scientists have never detected vanadium in our chemical analyses throughout the Midwestern US. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.047 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: WH_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Water hardness is a calculation of [Ca] x 2.497 + [Mg] x 4.118 and reported as mg/L of CaCO3.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Water hardness is a calculation of [Ca] x 2.497 + [Mg] x 4.118 and reported as mg/L of CaCO3.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Si_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Silicon is one of the most common elements making up the Earth's crust. A common mineral made up of silicon and oxygen is quartz. Quartz is the main component of beach sand used in the making of glass and countertops. The typical concentration of silicon in groundwater ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L and has no toxicity. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.066 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Silicon is one of the most common elements making up the Earth's crust. A common mineral made up of silicon and oxygen is quartz. Quartz is the main component of beach sand used in the making of glass and countertops. The typical concentration of silicon in groundwater ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L and has no toxicity. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.066 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: pH_Lab
Attribute Definition: pH is a measure of acidity or basicity of water. The pH scale extends from less than 1 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral in that it is neither acidic nor basic. The lower the pH (below 7), the more acidic the water; the higher the pH (above 7), the more basic it is. For example, rainwater has a pH of about 5, orange juice has a pH of about 3, seawater has a pH of about 8, and liquid drain cleaner has a pH of about 14. Laboratory measurements are typically adequate but are slightly less reliable than field measurements because of chemical changes that occur to the water during transport and storage.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: pH is a measure of acidity or basicity of water. The pH scale extends from less than 1 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral in that it is neither acidic nor basic. The lower the pH (below 7), the more acidic the water; the higher the pH (above 7), the more basic it is. For example, rainwater has a pH of about 5, orange juice has a pH of about 3, seawater has a pH of about 8, and liquid drain cleaner has a pH of about 14. Laboratory measurements are typically adequate but are slightly less reliable than field measurements because of chemical changes that occur to the water during transport and storage.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: P_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Phosphorous is one of the six key elements that make up life on Earth and is a major component of bone and teeth. Phosphorous is an essential plant nutrient and is present in fertilizer for row-crop cultivation. It is also one of the nutrients that is entering the Gulf of Mexico, from the Mississippi River, and helping to create conditions leading to the Dead Zone. Concentrations of phosphate in groundwater is less than or equal to 0.4 mg/L unless contamination is present, per Panno et al (2019). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.073 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Phosphorous is one of the six key elements that make up life on Earth and is a major component of bone and teeth. Phosphorous is an essential plant nutrient and is present in fertilizer for row-crop cultivation. It is also one of the nutrients that is entering the Gulf of Mexico, from the Mississippi River, and helping to create conditions leading to the Dead Zone. Concentrations of phosphate in groundwater is less than or equal to 0.4 mg/L unless contamination is present, per Panno et al (2019). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.073 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Pb_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Lead is a heavy metal used in the production of bullets, solder, leaded glass, and has been used to make water pipes in municipalities, and as an additive for gasoline and paint prior to learning of the very high toxicity of lead to humans as a neurotoxin. A major ore of lead is the mineral galena; galena mine tailings can result in elevated concentrations of lead in groundwater. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.041 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Lead is a heavy metal used in the production of bullets, solder, leaded glass, and has been used to make water pipes in municipalities, and as an additive for gasoline and paint prior to learning of the very high toxicity of lead to humans as a neurotoxin. A major ore of lead is the mineral galena; galena mine tailings can result in elevated concentrations of lead in groundwater. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.041 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: DO_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Dissolved oxygen (DO) in surface water (near complete saturation) is typically between 6.5 and 9 mg/L. Shallow groundwater will have slightly less dissolved oxygen; deep groundwater that has been isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds of years will have no dissolved oxygen. The level of dissolved oxygen in groundwater may be used as an indicator of shallow or deep sources of groundwater.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Dissolved oxygen (DO) in surface water (near complete saturation) is typically between 6.5 and 9 mg/L. Shallow groundwater will have slightly less dissolved oxygen; deep groundwater that has been isolated from the atmosphere for hundreds of years will have no dissolved oxygen. The level of dissolved oxygen in groundwater may be used as an indicator of shallow or deep sources of groundwater.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: NO3N_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Nitrogen is one of the six major elements that make up all the molecules of life on Earth (CHNOPS). Nitrate is a water-soluble ion, reported here as nitrogen, present in human waste, animal waste, and nitrogen fertilizers. Environmentally, elevated nitrate concentrations can result in algal blooms in rivers and estuaries; the algae soon die off and decay resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water that can result in the death of aquatic life. The most noteworthy example of this is the Dead Zone where the Mississippi River discharges into the Gulf of Mexico. The USEPA's Clean Water Act states that nitrate concentrations in drinking water should be no more than 10 mg/L. Naturally occurring nitrate concentrations in Jo Daviess County are typically less than 2 mg/L for groundwater and surface water per Panno et al (2019). If it is higher than 2 mg/L, it is generally the result of contamination. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.04 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Nitrogen is one of the six major elements that make up all the molecules of life on Earth (CHNOPS). Nitrate is a water-soluble ion, reported here as nitrogen, present in human waste, animal waste, and nitrogen fertilizers. Environmentally, elevated nitrate concentrations can result in algal blooms in rivers and estuaries; the algae soon die off and decay resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water that can result in the death of aquatic life. The most noteworthy example of this is the Dead Zone where the Mississippi River discharges into the Gulf of Mexico. The USEPA's Clean Water Act states that nitrate concentrations in drinking water should be no more than 10 mg/L. Naturally occurring nitrate concentrations in Jo Daviess County are typically less than 2 mg/L for groundwater and surface water per Panno et al (2019). If it is higher than 2 mg/L, it is generally the result of contamination. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.04 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: NH3N_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Ammonium-N is the ionic form of ammonia that is present in water. Anhydrous ammonia (a liquid under pressure) is applied as fertilizer in the Midwestern US. It combines with water and converts to ammonium and adsorbs to organic materials and soil particles; consequently, it seldom seeps into groundwater or runs off to surface water. Ammonium is typically found in human and animal wastes and these are more likely sources for contamination of groundwater and surface water. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.03 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Ammonium-N is the ionic form of ammonia that is present in water. Anhydrous ammonia (a liquid under pressure) is applied as fertilizer in the Midwestern US. It combines with water and converts to ammonium and adsorbs to organic materials and soil particles; consequently, it seldom seeps into groundwater or runs off to surface water. Ammonium is typically found in human and animal wastes and these are more likely sources for contamination of groundwater and surface water. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.03 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Ni_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Nickel is a metal that is found, for the most part, in the Earth's interior and in nickel-iron meteorites. Relatively little is found in the Earth's crust. Nickel is used for electroplating and in the manufacture of stainless steel due to its ability to resist corrosion. As of 2019, nickel has not been detected in water analyses in known samples from the Driftless Area despite the fact of its likely presence within mine tailings from the mining of galena. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.043 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Nickel is a metal that is found, for the most part, in the Earth's interior and in nickel-iron meteorites. Relatively little is found in the Earth's crust. Nickel is used for electroplating and in the manufacture of stainless steel due to its ability to resist corrosion. As of 2019, nickel has not been detected in water analyses in known samples from the Driftless Area despite the fact of its likely presence within mine tailings from the mining of galena. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.043 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: County
Attribute Definition: The U.S. county the sample site was located in.
Attribute Definition Source: U.S. Postal Service Convention
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The corresponding U.S. county for the state the sample site was located in.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: EC_MPN
Attribute Definition: Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium, meaning that it lives in the guts of all animals and is excreted with bodily wastes. As such, it is a good tracer of contamination from septic systems and animal waste. The presence of any E coli in drinking water can be harmful/toxic to humans. The strain O157:H7, present in the guts of healthy cattle, is responsible for food-borne and water-borne illnesses which can be fatal to humans. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 1 MPN (Most Probable Number).
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium, meaning that it lives in the guts of all animals and is excreted with bodily wastes. As such, it is a good tracer of contamination from septic systems and animal waste. The presence of any E coli in drinking water can be harmful/toxic to humans. The strain O157:H7, present in the guts of healthy cattle, is responsible for food-borne and water-borne illnesses which can be fatal to humans. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 1 MPN (Most Probable Number).
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Alk_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Alkalinity is a measure of a water's buffering capacity or its ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of acids or bases. In groundwater it is predominantly a measure of inorganic carbon species (H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO32-) and is reported in units of mg CaCO3/L. Alkalinity is closely related to the hardness of the water. The alkalinity of groundwater within limestone and dolomite aquifers is typically very high relative to other aquifers such as sandstone. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 4 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Alkalinity is a measure of a water's buffering capacity or its ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of acids or bases. In groundwater it is predominantly a measure of inorganic carbon species (H2CO3, HCO3-, and CO32-) and is reported in units of mg CaCO3/L. Alkalinity is closely related to the hardness of the water. The alkalinity of groundwater within limestone and dolomite aquifers is typically very high relative to other aquifers such as sandstone. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 4 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Sb_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Antimony is a metalloid used in flame retardants and as an alloy with lead in batteries, solder, and bullets. Antimony concentrations in surface water and groundwater are typically negligible. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.059 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Antimony is a metalloid used in flame retardants and as an alloy with lead in batteries, solder, and bullets. Antimony concentrations in surface water and groundwater are negligible. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.059 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: dD_mil
Attribute Definition: Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen and is used, in conjunction with oxygen-18, to help determine under what climatic conditions water molecules were deposited as recharge to aquifers.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen and is used, in conjunction with oxygen-18, to help determine under what climatic conditions water molecules were deposited as recharge to aquifers.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Al_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Aluminum is one of the most abundant metallic elements in the earth's crust and can be used as an indicator of particulate contamination during water sampling (in order to have repeatable chemical results). Very little dissolved aluminum is present in groundwater. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.037 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Aluminum is one of the most abundant metallic elements in the earth's crust and can be used as an indicator of particulate contamination during water sampling (in order to have repeatable chemical results). Very little dissolved aluminum is present in groundwater. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.037 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Li_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Lithium is a very light metal that, as an ion, is highly soluble in water, and is mined from brines. Lithium is used in some batteries, and as a medication to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium is an effective medication used to treat bipolar disorder. Concentrations of lithium in fresh groundwater and surface water are extremely low in the Midwestern US. In brines of Illinois' deeper aquifers, as chloride concentrations increase, lithium concentrations increase in a linear fashion. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.11 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Lithium is a very light metal that, as an ion, is highly soluble in water, and is mined from brines. Lithium is used in some batteries, and as a medication to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium is an effective medication used to treat bipolar disorder. Concentrations of lithium in fresh groundwater and surface water are extremely low in the Midwestern US. In brines of Illinois' deeper aquifers, as chloride concentrations increase, lithium concentrations increase in a linear fashion. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.11 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: ISWS_P_Number
Attribute Definition: An Illinois State Water Survey P number is a unique identifier for water wells in Illinois. P numbers are assigned sequentially.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Water Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: An Illinois State Water Survey P number is a unique identifier for water wells in Illinois. P numbers are assigned sequentially.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Cd_mg_L
Attribute Definition: Cadmium is a metallic element, is typically in small concentrations associated with zinc in ore deposits. The metal is very low in concentration in natural waters; however, dust containing cadmium can be extremely toxic. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.012 mg/L.
Attribute Definition Source: Hem, John D. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. Water-supply Paper 2254, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2254/pdf/wsp2254a.pdf
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: Cadmium is a metallic element, is typically in small concentrations associated with zinc in ore deposits. The metal is very low in concentration in natural waters; however, dust containing cadmium can be extremely toxic. The Method Detection Limit (MDL) was 0.012 mg/L.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Township
Attribute Definition: Administrative Township for each sample site.
Attribute Definition Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Attribute Domain Values:
Codeset Domain:
Codeset name: U.S. Census Bureau
Codeset Source: https://www.census.gov/
Attribute:
Attribute Label: HUC12_Code
Attribute Definition: The unique HUC (Hydrologic Unit Code) 12 watershed code where the sample site is located.
Attribute Definition Source: U.S. Geological Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Codeset Domain:
Codeset name: U.S. Geological Survey
Codeset Source: https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html
Attribute:
Attribute Label: HUC12_Name
Attribute Definition: The unique HUC (Hydrologic Unit Code) 12 watershed name where the sample site is located.
Attribute Definition Source: U.S. Geological Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Codeset Domain:
Codeset name: U.S. Geological Survey
Codeset Source: https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Collection_Time_CDT
Attribute Definition: The clock time at which the sample was collected in Central Standard Time.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois State Water Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The clock time at which the sample was collected in Central Daylight Time.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: Sample_Date
Attribute Definition: The calendar day and year when the sample was collected.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois State Water Survey
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The calendar day and year when the sample was collected.
Attribute:
Attribute Label: API_Number
Attribute Definition: The API number format was initially established by the American Petroleum Institute as a unique permanent identifier assigned to each well drilled for oil and gas in the United States. The Illinois State Geological Survey assigns an API number to any type of boring made in the state of Illinois for which they receive records, including water wells and mineral test borings. Illinois uses a 12-digit API number in the following format: Digits Purpose 1-2 State code: “12” in Illinois 3-5 County code: odd numbers, “085” (Jo Daviess) 6-10 Assigned unique well number within the county (00001-99999) 11-12 Always “00” for first drilling, incremented for any later drilling For example, the first boring assigned an API number in Jo Daviess county would be “120850000100”.
Attribute Definition Source: Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois.
Attribute Domain Values:
Unrepresentable Domain: The API number format was initially established by the American Petroleum Institute as a unique permanent identifier assigned to each well drilled for oil and gas in the United States. The Illinois State Geological Survey assigns an API number to any type of boring made in the state of Illinois for which they receive records, including water wells and mineral test borings.
Metadata Reference Information:
Metadata Date: 20210728
Metadata Contact:
Contact Information:
Contact Organization Primary:
Contact Organization: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Contact Person: Jeena Koenig
Contact Position: Fish and Wildlife Biologist
Contact Address:
Address Type: mailing and physical
Address: 555 Lester Avenue
City: Onalaska
State or Province: WI
Postal Code: 54650
Country: US
Contact Voice Telephone: 608-783-8412
Contact Electronic Mail Address: jeena_koenig@fws.gov
Metadata Standard name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata Standard Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata Time Convention: local time
Metadata Use Constraints: Although these data and information have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USFWS, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility of the data and information on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data, and information, and aggregate use with other data and information. It is also strongly recommended that careful attention be paid to the contents of the metadata file associated with these data and information. The USFWS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data and information described and/or contained herein.